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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Operatoralgebra</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Operatoralgebren</b> werden im mathematischen Teilgebiet der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a> studiert. Es handelt sich dabei um Verallgemeinerungen der <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrizenalgebren</a> der <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">linearen Algebra</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einführung"><span id="Einf.C3.BChrung"></span>Einführung</h2></div>
<p>Sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E,F,G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E,F,G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8dc6395da181061e60cc425cff6ad41453c22ea6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.411ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E,F,G}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Normierter_Raum" title="Normierter Raum">normierte</a> Räume und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A:E\rightarrow F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A:E\rightarrow F}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93ff6b7547b10ceab4a51f1c5e021a8d7c6a56a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.811ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A:E\rightarrow F}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B:F\rightarrow G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B:F\rightarrow G}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48a1aabc248f45dc39d1ee70cd72831726b44836.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.883ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B:F\rightarrow G}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Beschr%C3%A4nkter_Operator" title="Beschränkter Operator">stetige</a>, <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">lineare Operatoren</a>, so ist auch deren <a href="Komposition_(Mathematik)" title="Komposition (Mathematik)">Komposition</a> ein stetiger, linearer Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\circ A:E\rightarrow G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\circ A:E\rightarrow G}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edffd21ac0cb5d0c30548a3032f3b21ffddbc34c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.855ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\circ A:E\rightarrow G}" loading="lazy"></span>, und für die <a href="Operatornorm" title="Operatornorm">Operatornormen</a> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|B\circ A\|\leq \|B\|\cdot \|A\|}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|B\circ A\|\leq \|B\|\cdot \|A\|}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b9c034bb4d5c906ec0f65370205ed76146fc5cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.961ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|B\circ A\|\leq \|B\|\cdot \|A\|}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Daher wird der Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(E)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45c5f80f27f66cc3eae8eb00fecd41fa1ed1e593.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(E)}" loading="lazy"></span> der stetigen, linearen Operatoren von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> in sich mit der Komposition als Multiplikation zu einer <a href="Normierte_Algebra" title="Normierte Algebra">normierten Algebra</a>, die bei <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Raum" title="Vollständiger Raum">vollständigem</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> sogar eine <a href="Banachalgebra" title="Banachalgebra">Banachalgebra</a> ist.
</p><p>Diese Algebren und ihre Unteralgebren nennt man Operatoralgebren, wobei der Fall, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> ist, besonders intensiv untersucht wird. Manche Autoren verstehen unter dem Begriff Operatoralgebra nur diesen Hilbertraumfall, das gilt insbesondere für ältere Literatur. So tragen die grundlegenden von 1936 bis 1943 erschienenen Arbeiten von <a href="Francis_J._Murray" title="Francis J. Murray">Francis J. Murray</a> und <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> den Titel <i>On rings of operators</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und behandeln Algebren, die man heute <a href="Von-Neumann-Algebra" title="Von-Neumann-Algebra">Von-Neumann-Algebren</a> nennt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banachalgebren_als_Operatoralgebren">Banachalgebren als Operatoralgebren</h2></div>
<p>Jede normierte Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280ae03440942ab348c2ca9b8db6b56ffa9618f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> kann als Operatoralgebra dargestellt werden. Die sogenannte <a href="Linksregul%C3%A4re_Darstellung" class="mw-redirect" title="Linksreguläre Darstellung">linksreguläre Darstellung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280ae03440942ab348c2ca9b8db6b56ffa9618f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die jedem Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> den Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell _{A}\in L({\mathcal {A}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell _{A}\in L({\mathcal {A}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc4b9033771662ddec288708b3f6c208adfd6ea6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.571ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell _{A}\in L({\mathcal {A}})}" loading="lazy"></span> zuordnet, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell _{A}(B):=AB}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ℓ<!-- ℓ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell _{A}(B):=AB}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3788c6fd7f968c822f771b96c787b9e5c21f4e7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.26ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell _{A}(B):=AB}" loading="lazy"></span>, ist ein isometrischer Homomorphismus, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280ae03440942ab348c2ca9b8db6b56ffa9618f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Einselement" class="mw-redirect" title="Einselement">Einselement</a> besitzt. Ist kein Einselement vorhanden, so <a href="Adjunktion_(Einselement)" title="Adjunktion (Einselement)">adjungiere</a> man eines.
</p><p>Welche Homomorphismen von einer Banachalgebra in eine Operatoralgebra existieren, wird in der <a href="Darstellungstheorie" title="Darstellungstheorie">Darstellungstheorie</a> untersucht.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein besonderes Interesse gilt dabei <a href="Hilbertraum-Darstellung" title="Hilbertraum-Darstellung">Darstellungen auf Hilberträumen</a>, das heißt Homomorphismen in die Operatoralgebra über einem Hilbertraum, was zu den Begriffen <i>Von-Neumann-Algebra</i> und <i><a href="C*-Algebra" title="C*-Algebra">C*-Algebra</a></i> führt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedeutung">Bedeutung</h2></div>
<p>Operatoralgebren über <a href="Banachraum" title="Banachraum">Banachräumen</a>, speziell über Hilberträumen, erlauben die Einführung zusätzlicher <a href="Topologie_(Mathematik)" title="Topologie (Mathematik)">Topologien</a> wie etwa die <a href="Starke_Operatortopologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Starke Operatortopologie">starke</a> oder <a href="Schwache_Operatortopologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwache Operatortopologie">schwache Operatortopologie</a>, wobei gerade letzterer wegen der <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">Kompaktheit</a> der <a href="Einheitskugel" title="Einheitskugel">Einheitskugel</a> eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ein weiteres Strukturelement von Operatoralgebren in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45c5f80f27f66cc3eae8eb00fecd41fa1ed1e593.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(E)}" loading="lazy"></span>, das in beliebigen Banachalgebren so nicht vorhanden ist, sind invariante <a href="Unterraum" title="Unterraum">Unterräume</a>, das heißt Unterräume <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\subset E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\subset E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1a5ee479cbc41f50eaf3a7af5993e5b1d323ff6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.657ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\subset E}" loading="lazy"></span>, für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(U)\subset U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(U)\subset U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc1b2eed9d419ba1af1fae747ff4ed57cb32fb4e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.216ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(U)\subset U}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt für einzelne oder alle Operatoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> der Algebra. Speziell im Hilbertraumfall sind die <a href="Orthogonalprojektion" title="Orthogonalprojektion">Orthogonalprojektionen</a> auf invariante Unterräume im Allgemeinen nicht in der Operatoralgebra enthalten, sondern in deren <a href="Von-Neumann-Algebra" title="Von-Neumann-Algebra">Kommutante</a>.
</p><p>Die für die <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> wichtigen <a href="Unbeschr%C3%A4nkter_Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbeschränkter Operator">unbeschränkten Operatoren</a> auf einem Hilbertraum bilden zwar keine Algebra, können aber mit Operatoralgebren in Zusammenhang gebracht werden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferner kann man wegen des zu Grunde liegenden Raumes von <a href="Eigenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvektor">Eigenvektoren</a> sprechen, die in der Quantenmechanik die <a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">Zustände</a> repräsentieren.
</p><p>Operatoralgebren können neben der Operatornorm weitere Normen tragen und bzgl. dieser vollständig sein. Auf Hilberträumen kommt die <a href="Adjungierter_Operator" title="Adjungierter Operator">Adjunktion von Operatoren</a> als zusätzliches Strukturelement hinzu und kann eine Involution auf den betrachteten Algebren definieren. Hier sind besonders die <a href="Schatten-Klasse" title="Schatten-Klasse">Schatten-Klassen</a> zu nennen<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, wobei der Spezialfall der <a href="Spurklasseoperator" title="Spurklasseoperator">Spurklasseoperatoren</a> in Form gemischter Zustände in der mathematischen Formulierung der Quantenmechanik auftritt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Higson, Roe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/ndh2/math/Papers_files/Higson,%20Roe%20-%202006%20-%20Operator%20algebras.pdf">Operator algebras</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F.J. Murray, J. von Neumann: <i>On rings of operators.</i> Ann. of Math. (2), Band 37, 1936, Seiten 116–229.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F.J. Murray, J. von Neumann: <i>On rings of operators II.</i> Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., Band 41, 1937, Seiten 208–248</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F.J. Murray, J. von Neumann: <i>On rings of operators IV.</i> Ann. of Math. (2), Band 44, 1943, Seiten 716–808.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. F. Bonsall, J. Duncan: <i>Complete Normed Algebras</i>. Springer-Verlag 1973, ISBN 3-540-06386-2, Kapitel III, Representation Theory</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Jacques_Dixmier" title="Jacques Dixmier">Jacques Dixmier</a>: <i>Les algèbres d'opérateurs dans l'espace hilbertien: algèbres de von Neumann</i>, Gauthier-Villars, 1957 (ISBN 2-87647-012-8)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Dixmier: <i>Les C*-algèbres et leurs représentations</i>, Gauthier-Villars, 1969 (ISBN 2-87647-013-6)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Richard_Kadison" title="Richard Kadison">R.V. Kadison</a>, <a href="John_Ringrose" title="John Ringrose">J. R. Ringrose</a>: <i>Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras</i>, Band I, 1983, ISBN 0-12-393301-3, Theorem 5.1.3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.V. Kadison, J. R. Ringrose: <i>Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras</i>, Band I, 1983, ISBN 0-12-393301-3, Kapitel 5.6</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Robert_Schatten" title="Robert Schatten">Robert Schatten</a>: <i>Norm Ideals of Completely Continuous Operators.</i> Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, 2. Folge, ISBN 3-540-04806-5</span>
</li>
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